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作者:纪方
第二军医大学附属长海医院
骨科副主任、创伤骨科主任
什么是复杂的股骨转子间骨折
难复的转子间骨折
发生复位丢失的转子间骨折
涉及外侧壁的转子间骨折
近端粉碎累及转子下的转子间骨折
伴骨质疏松转子间骨折
股骨转子间骨折复位的要求
解剖复位
对位对线良好
内侧皮质在正侧位上均结合紧密
good: 正侧位皮质之间的距离均小于一个皮质的厚度
acceptable :正位或侧位皮质之间的距离小于一个皮质的厚度
poor :无论正位侧位,皮质的距离都大于一个皮质的厚度
Youngwoo Kim, et al. Hook leverage technique for reduction ofintertrochanteric fracture. Injury, (2014) 1006–1010
大约有11%左右的转子间骨折,通过闭合复位时很难达到满意的效果的。这个数据各家报道不一,基本上在 3% 到 17% 之间。
Gaurav Sharma, et al. Pertrochantericfractures (AO/OTA 31-A1 and A2) not amenable to closed reduction: Causes ofirreducibility. Injury, (2014) 1950–1957
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类型一
AO/OTA 31-A1.2 fracture
顺粗隆骨折,骨折线至小粗隆上
Gaurav Sharma, et al. Pertrochantericfractures (AO/OTA 31-A1 and A2) not amenable to closed reduction: Causes ofirreducibility. Injury, (2014) 1950–1957
不是骨折端间有嵌插,而是近端骨折块“锁”在股骨干的下方,复位近端骨折块非常困难,有时需要切断部分髂腰肌腱。
G.Z. Said, et al. An irreducible variant ofintertrochanteric fractures: a technique for open reduction. Injury, (2005) 36,871—874
AO/OTA 31-A1.3 fracture
Gaurav Sharma, et al. Pertrochantericfractures (AO/OTA 31-A1 and A2) not amenable to closed reduction: Causes ofirreducibility. Injury, (2014) 1950–1957
Supposed chain of causation and effect ofnail breakage after trochanteric fracture: Fixation of a stableintertrochanteric fracture in extreme valgus position (a) results in limitedcranial bone contact of the fragments and leaves a caudal bone defect (b). Lackof bony healing induces permanent full strain on the femoral nail finally leadingto nail breakage, thus resulting in the conversion of an intertrochantericfracture (A1/A2) into a reversed fracture (A3) (c)
A1-3型绝对是陷阱
◆ ◆ ◆
类型II
矢状位不稳
Chun et al. Technique and Early Results of Percutaneous Reduction of Sagittally Unstable Intertrochateric Fractures.Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery . Vol. 3, 2011
AO/ASIF 分型 31 A1.3 到 31 A2.3 都可能出现矢状位不稳,轴向牵引力和重力只会让近端骨折屈曲、远端骨折向后移动,单纯向上抬大腿对复位没有帮助,如果后内侧或小转子有骨折时尤其难复。
Chun et al. Technique and Early Results of Percutaneous Reduction of Sagittally Unstable Intertrochateric Fractures.Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery . Vol. 3, 2011
Chun et al. Technique and Early Results of Percutaneous Reduction of Sagittally Unstable Intertrochateric Fractures.Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery . Vol. 3, 2011
如果倾斜的骨折面,在远端骨块上是“面向”后面的,在重力的帮助下,通过牵引和旋转,可能获得满意的复位。
Chun et al. Technique and Early Results of Percutaneous Reduction of Sagittally Unstable Intertrochateric Fractures.Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery . Vol. 3, 2011
相反,如果倾斜的骨折面,在远端骨块上是“面向”前面的,牵引只会加剧移位。
Chun et al. Technique and Early Results of Percutaneous Reduction of Sagittally Unstable Intertrochateric Fractures.Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery . Vol. 3, 2011
Case:孤寡老人,男,82岁,小区滑倒
术前CT片提示转子间粉碎性骨折,骨折线到转子下
术中透视-复位
临时固定、开口
置钉
术后复查
◆ ◆ ◆
类型三
AO/OTA 31-A2.2
Gaurav Sharma, et al. Pertrochantericfractures (AO/OTA 31-A1 and A2) not amenable to closed reduction: Causes ofirreducibility. Injury, (2014) 1950–1957
近端骨折块并没有坎插到股骨干部,有向前向下移位的倾向。并且这种倾向不会因为轴向牵引而停止。
Gaurav Sharma, et al. Pertrochantericfractures (AO/OTA 31-A1 and A2) not amenable to closed reduction: Causes ofirreducibility. Injury, (2014) 1950–1957
Case:老年女性,75岁,术前X片
术中透视-难以复位
术中透视-克氏针辅助复位
术中透视-辅助复位
术中透视-再次调整-打入导针
术中最后透视
常见于髓内固定的病例
牵引床和肌肉夹板无法防止断端移位
髓内钉开口时近端骨块内移
髓内钉主钉最粗大部分占位导致骨块内移
建立骨性通道的时候复位丢失
一期复位丢失
Case:徐某,老年女性,80岁,浴室滑倒
复位、临时固定
主钉插入困难
插入导针处理开口
------重建骨性隧道
用手指抵住reamer
Ioannis Aktselis, et al. Intramedullarynailing of trochanteric fractures—Operative technical tips. Injury, (2012)961–965
在进行以上操作的同时必须将软钻向内折弯,从而可避免软组织将钻头推向外侧。在折弯的作用下,软钻具有变直的反作用力,从而可将钻头推向内侧
Ioannis Aktselis, et al. Intramedullarynailing of trochanteric fractures—Operative technical tips. Injury, (2012)961–965
术中最后透视
近年来,对于股骨转子间骨折合并外侧壁骨折的治疗方法是热点问题
Hsu CE, et al.Lateral femoral wallthickness. A reliable predictor of post-operative lateral wall fracture inintertrochanteric fractures.Bone Joint J. 2013 Aug;95-B(8):1134-8.
Tufescu T,et al.The lateral radiograph isuseful in predicting shortening in 31A2 pertrochanteric hip fractures.Can JSurg. 2013 Aug;56(4):270-4.
Langford J,et al.Perioperative lateraltrochanteric wall fractures: sliding hip screw versus percutaneous compressionplate for intertrochanteric hip fractures.Orthop Trauma. 2011 Apr;25(4):191-5.
Gupta RK,et al.Unstable trochantericfractures: the role of lateral wall reconstruction.Int Orthop. 2010Feb;34(1):125-9.
外侧壁的定义
a-b为股骨颈上方切线,c-d为股骨颈下方切线,两条直线与股骨外侧的交界的区域为股骨转子间的外侧壁。
HaqRU Proximal femoral nails compared with reverse distal femoral lockingplates in intertrochanteric fractures with a compromised lateral wall; arandomised controlled trial IntOrthop. 2014 Mar 22.
Tip 2: ‘‘No Lateral Wall, No Hip Screw’’
Intertrochanteric Fractures:Ten Tips toImprove Results
THE JOURNAL OF BONE & JOINT SURGERY dJBJ S .ORG
VOLUME 91-A d NUMBER 3 d MARCH 2009
对于转子间骨折外侧壁的厚度与再次骨折的发生也有关系
d=股骨大转子下无名结节下3cm向上135°至骨折线的距离。
A RELIABLE PREDICTOR OF POST-OPERATIVELATERAL WALL
FRACTURE IN INTERTROCHANTERIC FRACTURES。Bone Joint J
2013;95-B:1134–8.
薄壁=外侧壁损伤
股骨转子间骨折的外侧壁厚度大于20.5mm患者术后外侧壁再骨折的发生率非常小,而小于20.5mm不应该单独以DHS治疗。
A1型股骨转子间骨折经DHS治疗后,后外侧壁再骨折的发生率为3.1%,患者的后外侧壁平均厚度为23.0mm,手术后均愈合。
A2型股骨转子间骨折经DHS治疗后,后外侧壁再骨折的发生率为35.1%,患者的后外侧壁平均厚度为18.1mm,术后不愈合率约为48.7%。
外侧壁损伤髓内钉作用
A3.3 unstable intertrochanteric fracture.If sliding hip screw had been chosen as the method of treatment, uncontrollablemedialisation and eventual failure would be likely.
The nail acts as a buttress, due to itscentromedullary position and prevents failure
髓内钉可以重建外侧壁阻止股骨近端向外滑移
Evolving concepts of stability andintramedullary fixation of intertrochanteric fractures--a reviewInjury. 2012Jun;43(6):686-93
预测因素
在3点均稳定时,Gamma钉在转子间骨折的失败率是低的(<1%).
拉力螺钉末端短于股骨外侧壁是最危险因素
三点位置中,外侧壁是最重要的预测指标
对于Evens4型、5型患者,外侧壁往往粉碎,这时TAD尤为重要
Inadequate ‘three-point’ proximal fixation
predicts failure of the Gamma nail.BoneJoint J 2013;95-B:825–30
不稳定型-外侧壁损伤
Treatment of Complex Proximal FemoralFractures With the Proximal Femur Locking Compression Plate
Erik A. Hasenboehler, MD;
近端复杂骨折
无论哪种方法固定,复位至关重要!
大量文献都关注于股骨转子间骨折合并外侧壁骨折的固定方法,对于外侧壁粉碎骨折对固定内置物稳定性会有影响。因此矢状位和冠状位的解剖复位会增加稳定,特别是冠状位的复位是十分重要的。
Perioperative Lateral Trochanteric WallFractures: Sliding Hip Screw versus Percutaneous Compression Plate forIntertrochanteric Hip Fractures。J Orthop Trauma April 2011
男性,65岁,脊髓灰质炎多年,摔伤
术前CT片2016-06-279
术中透视-复位
术中最后透视
术后复查
术后两个月复查
髓腔比较宽(病例中患侧髓腔代偿增宽)
外侧壁有骨折
冠状位斜行骨折线
锁定并没有穿过骨折线
短钉劣势
怎么办?
争议
长钉固定
Treatment of Pertrochanteric Fractures:Long Versus Short Nailing
Kaan S
Long Versus Short Nailing ForIntertrochanteric Femur Fractures
Kelly Carlberg
… …
手术时间长
术中失血多
系统并发症多
费用高……
OTA 28th Annual Meeting October3~6,2012
文献
不稳定型-外侧壁损伤-累及转子下
长髓内钉+钢板
一年后
Bone Mass, Structure and Quality
Diagnosis of Osteoporosis Pre UrgentSurgery
Stability of Reduction
复位第一要素!
Blade shaped weightbearing elements
PMMA Augmentation
复杂股骨转子间骨折
复位第一要素
内植物位置重要
内外侧皮质同等重要
特殊类型骨折需辅助固定
注重细节,规范操作
征
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