专题教程:复杂股骨转子部骨折热点问题探讨

发表于 讨论求助 2020-09-15 04:40:34

本文为作者授权骨今中外发表,未经授权禁止转载


作者:纪方

第二军医大学附属长海医院

骨科副主任、创伤骨科主任


 

什么是复杂的股骨转子间骨折


  • 难复的转子间骨折

  • 发生复位丢失的转子间骨折

  • 涉及外侧壁的转子间骨折

  • 近端粉碎累及转子下的转子间骨折

  • 伴骨质疏松转子间骨折


股骨转子间骨折复位的要求


  • 解剖复位

  • 对位对线良好

  • 内侧皮质在正侧位上均结合紧密


good 正侧位皮质之间的距离均小于一个皮质的厚度

acceptable 正位或侧位皮质之间的距离小于一个皮质的厚度

poor 无论正位侧位,皮质的距离都大于一个皮质的厚度


Youngwoo Kim, et al.  Hook leverage technique for reduction ofintertrochanteric fracture. Injury, (2014) 1006–1010


一、难复性转子间骨折


大约有11%左右的转子间骨折,通过闭合复位时很难达到满意的效果的。这个数据各家报道不一,基本上在 3%   17% 之间。


Gaurav Sharma, et al. Pertrochantericfractures (AO/OTA 31-A1 and A2) not amenable to closed reduction: Causes ofirreducibility. Injury, (2014) 1950–1957


 ◆ ◆

类型一


AO/OTA 31-A1.2 fracture


顺粗隆骨折,骨折线至小粗隆上



Gaurav Sharma, et al. Pertrochantericfractures (AO/OTA 31-A1 and A2) not amenable to closed reduction: Causes ofirreducibility. Injury, (2014) 1950–1957


不是骨折端间有嵌插,而是近端骨折块“锁”在股骨干的下方,复位近端骨折块非常困难,有时需要切断部分髂腰肌腱。



G.Z. Said, et al. An irreducible variant ofintertrochanteric fractures: a technique for open reduction. Injury, (2005) 36,871—874


AO/OTA 31-A1.3 fracture



Gaurav Sharma, et al. Pertrochantericfractures (AO/OTA 31-A1 and A2) not amenable to closed reduction: Causes ofirreducibility. Injury, (2014) 1950–1957



Supposed chain of causation and effect ofnail breakage after trochanteric fracture: Fixation of a stableintertrochanteric fracture in extreme valgus position (a) results in limitedcranial bone contact of the fragments and leaves a caudal bone defect (b). Lackof bony healing induces permanent full strain on the femoral nail finally leadingto nail breakage, thus resulting in the conversion of an intertrochantericfracture (A1/A2) into a reversed fracture (A3) (c)


A1-3型绝对是陷阱




 ◆ ◆

类型II


矢状位不稳



Chun et al. Technique and Early Results of Percutaneous Reduction of Sagittally Unstable Intertrochateric Fractures.Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery . Vol. 3, 2011


AO/ASIF 分型 31 A1.3  31 A2.3 都可能出现矢状位不稳,轴向牵引力和重力只会让近端骨折屈曲、远端骨折向后移动,单纯向上抬大腿对复位没有帮助,如果后内侧或小转子有骨折时尤其难复。


Chun et al. Technique and Early Results of Percutaneous Reduction of Sagittally Unstable Intertrochateric Fractures.Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery . Vol. 3, 2011



Chun et al. Technique and Early Results of Percutaneous Reduction of Sagittally Unstable Intertrochateric Fractures.Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery . Vol. 3, 2011


如果倾斜的骨折面,在远端骨块上是“面向”后面的,在重力的帮助下,通过牵引和旋转,可能获得满意的复位。



Chun et al. Technique and Early Results of Percutaneous Reduction of Sagittally Unstable Intertrochateric Fractures.Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery . Vol. 3, 2011


相反,如果倾斜的骨折面,在远端骨块上是“面向”前面的,牵引只会加剧移位。



Chun et al. Technique and Early Results of Percutaneous Reduction of Sagittally Unstable Intertrochateric Fractures.Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery . Vol. 3, 2011


Case:孤寡老人,男,82岁,小区滑倒



术前CT片提示转子间粉碎性骨折,骨折线到转子下



术中透视-复位



临时固定、开口



置钉



术后复查



 ◆ ◆

类型三


AO/OTA 31-A2.2



Gaurav Sharma, et al. Pertrochantericfractures (AO/OTA 31-A1 and A2) not amenable to closed reduction: Causes ofirreducibility. Injury, (2014) 1950–1957


近端骨折块并没有坎插到股骨干部,有向前向下移位的倾向。并且这种倾向不会因为轴向牵引而停止。


Gaurav Sharma, et al. Pertrochantericfractures (AO/OTA 31-A1 and A2) not amenable to closed reduction: Causes ofirreducibility. Injury, (2014) 1950–1957


Case:老年女性,75岁,术前X



术中透视-难以复位



术中透视-克氏针辅助复位



术中透视-辅助复位



术中透视-再次调整-打入导针



术中最后透视



二、转子间骨折的复位丢失


  • 常见于髓内固定的病例

  • 牵引床和肌肉夹板无法防止断端移位

  • 髓内钉开口时近端骨块内移

  • 髓内钉主钉最粗大部分占位导致骨块内移


建立骨性通道的时候复位丢失



一期复位丢失



Case:徐某,老年女性,80岁,浴室滑倒



复位、临时固定



主钉插入困难



插入导针处理开口

------重建骨性隧道



用手指抵住reamer


Ioannis Aktselis, et al. Intramedullarynailing of trochanteric fractures—Operative technical tips. Injury, (2012)961–965


在进行以上操作的同时必须将软钻向内折弯,从而可避免软组织将钻头推向外侧。在折弯的作用下,软钻具有变直的反作用力,从而可将钻头推向内侧



Ioannis Aktselis, et al. Intramedullarynailing of trochanteric fractures—Operative technical tips. Injury, (2012)961–965


术中最后透视



三、涉及外侧壁的转子间骨折


近年来,对于股骨转子间骨折合并外侧壁骨折的治疗方法是热点问题


  • Hsu CE, et al.Lateral femoral wallthickness. A reliable predictor of post-operative lateral wall fracture inintertrochanteric fractures.Bone Joint J. 2013 Aug;95-B(8):1134-8.

  • Tufescu T,et al.The lateral radiograph isuseful in predicting shortening in 31A2 pertrochanteric hip fractures.Can JSurg. 2013 Aug;56(4):270-4.

  • Langford J,et al.Perioperative lateraltrochanteric wall fractures: sliding hip screw versus percutaneous compressionplate for intertrochanteric hip fractures.Orthop Trauma. 2011 Apr;25(4):191-5.

  • Gupta RK,et al.Unstable trochantericfractures: the role of lateral wall reconstruction.Int Orthop. 2010Feb;34(1):125-9.


外侧壁的定义


a-b为股骨颈上方切线,c-d为股骨颈下方切线,两条直线与股骨外侧的交界的区域为股骨转子间的外侧壁。



HaqRU Proximal femoral nails compared with reverse distal femoral lockingplates in intertrochanteric fractures with a compromised lateral wall; arandomised controlled trial IntOrthop. 2014 Mar 22.


Tip 2: ‘‘No Lateral Wall, No Hip Screw’’




Intertrochanteric Fractures:Ten Tips toImprove Results

THE JOURNAL OF BONE & JOINT SURGERY dJBJ S .ORG

VOLUME 91-A d NUMBER 3 d MARCH 2009


对于转子间骨折外侧壁的厚度与再次骨折的发生也有关系

d=股骨大转子下无名结节下3cm向上135°至骨折线的距离。



A RELIABLE PREDICTOR OF POST-OPERATIVELATERAL WALL

FRACTURE IN INTERTROCHANTERIC FRACTURES。Bone Joint J

2013;95-B:1134–8.


薄壁=外侧壁损伤


  • 股骨转子间骨折的外侧壁厚度大于20.5mm患者术后外侧壁再骨折的发生率非常小,而小于20.5mm不应该单独以DHS治疗。

  • A1型股骨转子间骨折经DHS治疗后,后外侧壁再骨折的发生率为3.1%,患者的后外侧壁平均厚度为23.0mm,手术后均愈合。

  • A2型股骨转子间骨折经DHS治疗后,后外侧壁再骨折的发生率为35.1%,患者的后外侧壁平均厚度为18.1mm,术后不愈合率约为48.7%




外侧壁损伤髓内钉作用



A3.3 unstable intertrochanteric fracture.If sliding hip screw had been chosen as the method of treatment, uncontrollablemedialisation and eventual failure would be likely.

The nail acts as a buttress, due to itscentromedullary position and prevents failure


髓内钉可以重建外侧壁阻止股骨近端向外滑移


Evolving concepts of stability andintramedullary fixation of intertrochanteric fractures--a reviewInjury. 2012Jun;43(6):686-93


预测因素

  • 3点均稳定时,Gamma钉在转子间骨折的失败率是低的(<1%).

  • 拉力螺钉末端短于股骨外侧壁是最危险因素

  • 三点位置中,外侧壁是最重要的预测指标

  • 对于Evens4型、5型患者,外侧壁往往粉碎,这时TAD尤为重要


Inadequate ‘three-point’ proximal fixation

predicts failure of the Gamma nail.BoneJoint J 2013;95-B:825–30


不稳定型-外侧壁损伤





Treatment of Complex Proximal FemoralFractures With the Proximal Femur Locking Compression Plate

Erik A. Hasenboehler, MD;


近端复杂骨折



无论哪种方法固定,复位至关重要!

大量文献都关注于股骨转子间骨折合并外侧壁骨折的固定方法,对于外侧壁粉碎骨折对固定内置物稳定性会有影响。因此矢状位和冠状位的解剖复位会增加稳定,特别是冠状位的复位是十分重要的。


Perioperative Lateral Trochanteric WallFractures: Sliding Hip Screw versus Percutaneous Compression Plate forIntertrochanteric Hip FracturesJ Orthop Trauma April 2011



四、累及转子下的转子间骨折


男性,65岁,脊髓灰质炎多年,摔伤



术前CT2016-06-279



术中透视-复位


术中最后透视



术后复查



术后两个月复查



  • 髓腔比较宽(病例中患侧髓腔代偿增宽)

  • 外侧壁有骨折

  • 冠状位斜行骨折线

  • 锁定并没有穿过骨折线

  • 短钉劣势


怎么办?


争议



长钉固定




Treatment of Pertrochanteric Fractures:Long Versus Short Nailing

Kaan S

Long Versus Short Nailing ForIntertrochanteric Femur Fractures

Kelly Carlberg

… …

  • 手术时间长

  • 术中失血多

  • 系统并发症多

  • 费用高……

OTA 28th Annual Meeting October3~6,2012


文献


不稳定型-外侧壁损伤-累及转子下



长髓内钉+钢板



一年后



骨质疏松处理策略


Bone Mass, Structure and Quality



Diagnosis of Osteoporosis Pre UrgentSurgery



Stability of Reduction


复位第一要素!


Blade shaped weightbearing elements



PMMA Augmentation



复杂股骨转子间骨折


  • 复位第一要素

  • 内植物位置重要

  • 内外侧皮质同等重要

  • 特殊类型骨折需辅助固定

  • 注重细节,规范操作

稿

骨今中外现向广大骨科医生征集稿件,学术会议演讲课件、国外专业文献译文、经典、骨科临床经验学术成果等均可,诚挚欢迎您的投稿!此外,持久投稿的优秀作者,可为其开设专栏!

投稿方式:

邮箱:gujinzw@163.com

电话:15911162085(微信同)


觉得不错,请点赞!!!

发表
26906人 签到看排名